THE We Mi OF ERE 
jUL & 1926 


ayers TY OF tM 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 





Report of Special Committee 
of the 


- State Commission of Prisons 


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ay 





THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 


Report of Special Committee 
of the 


State Commission of Prisons 


TO THE STATE COMMISSION OF PRISONS: 

At a meeting of the State Commission of Prisons, held June. 2, 1925, 
the undersigned were appointed a special committee to make a. study of 
the Psychopathic Delinquent. After an investigation of the records of the 
State Penal and correctional institutions, conferences with psychiatrists, 
psychologists and clinical experts, and an examination of special studies, 
surveys, reports and statistics concerning mentally abnormal and defective 
delinquents in this and other States, your committee respectfully reports: 


MENTAL DISEASE AND DELINQUENCY 


The State Commission of Prisons in 1918 issued a report of a special 
committee appointed to investigate mental diseases and delinquency. The 
report showed that the percentages of nervous and mental abnormalities 
among the inmates examined in the New York State penal and correctional 


institutions were: 


Institution Authority Percentage 
Auburn Prison for Men Dr. FRANK L. HeaAcox 61.7 
Sing Sing Prison Dr. BERNARD GLUECK 59. 
Western House of Refuge for Women Dr. Jessie I.. HERRICK 82.1 
New York State Reformatory oe Soe ik AR, 5a 
Westchester County Penitentiary Dr. BERNARD GLUECK 57. 
Clinton Prison Dr. V. V. ANDERSON pms On 


hy eee 2) 


2 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


Feeble-mindedness varied from 21 to 35 per cent. The segregable 
feeble-minded, unfit for confinement in penal and correctional institutions, 
constituted at least 15 per cent. Following the report, the State of New 
York, in 1921, established an institution for the custodial care of mentally 
defective male delinquents at Napanoch. Previously, a portion of the 
New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford was set apart for the 
custodial care of mentally defective female delinquents. Low grade male 
feeble-minded delinquents have been, in the main. committed and trans- 
ferred to the institution at Napanoch. 


The investigation revealed that a large number of inmates in the penal 
and correctional institutions were psychopaths. Later clinical studies in 
the New York State penal and correctional institutions and institutions 
throughout the country, showed that a good percentage of the inmates are 
psychopaths. All of the data on this particular class of mental deviates 
emphasized the need of more definite understanding and more sceintific 
treatment of the psychopath if the large number of crimes which they com- 
mit and the economic waste for which they are responsible are to be re- 
duced. 


THE PSYCHOPATH 


During recent years a group of mentally abnormal, designated as psy- 
chopathie personalities or psychopaths, have been separately classified. 
No comprehensive definition has been generally accepted. The classifica- 
tion remains vague or, aS some experts claim, a make-shift, descriptive of 
mental abnormalities that do not fall under other forms of diagnosis. 

“It is a term which in the last five years has come to have a more 
specific meaning, although at the present time it is vague enough * * * * * 
not enough has yet been written that is specifically representative of the 
facts’—Dr. WILLIAM HEALY. 


“Psychopathic as a prefix has come to be a waste basket into which 
all sorts of things have been thrown. It is a sort of middle ground for the 
dumping of odds and ends, as the praecox group used to be’”—Dr. WILLIAM 
A, WHITE. 


“They are individuals who do not indicate a defect in intelligence 
nor a definite psychosis, but whose behavior is of an unusual or deviated 
sort’—Dr. A. L. JACOBY. 


“A psychopathic individual is one whose mental processes are such 
that there is the tendency toward the establishment of (1) abnormalities 
of thought usually in the form of a mental conflict and attended with con- 
siderable emotional disturbance, (2) a social behavior, (3) a certain con- 
stancy or periodicity in the appearance of the two foregoing symptoms. 
Thus psychopathic is simply a generic term which includes all manner of 


in 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 3 


mental disorders. Usually when the asocial behavior becomes marked 
enough for the individual to be a menace to the community we call him 
psychotic and place him in an insane asylum. Emotional disturbances in 


the psychopathic individual are frequent. When the emotional state is 
fairly pure and mental conflicts are not much in evidence, it would seem 
preferable to call these people emotionally unstable rather than psycho- 


pathic. The constitutional psychopathic personality is a subdivision of the 
_ psychopathic”—Dr. V, C. BRANHAM. 


—-_—— 


Although psychopaths have not been clearly delineated, sufficient of 
their mental characteristics have been observed and tabulated to be recog- 
nized as underlying causes of misbehavior, inefficiency and delinquency. 


Certain distinctive abnormalities characterize the psychopath. Some 
of them are found in one personality and some in others in varying degrees 
and may, in part, be summarized as emotional instability, volitional con- 
flicts, disassociation of ideas, excessive excitability and irritability, spas- 
modic impulses, abrupt changes of personality, extreme egotism, excessive 
and unnatural sex indulgences, unmoral reaction and persistent or periodic 
anti-social behavior. 


Psychopaths are loosely classified into three groups:—The emotion- 
ally unstable, the inadequate, and the paranoid or egocentric. The dis- 
tinctions are not rigid, as personalities diagnosed in one group may show 
evidence of abnormalities attributed to other groups. 


The emotionally nnstable posesses average intelligence. They are, how- 
ever, dominated by their emotions and are impulsive, excitable, hysterical, 
changeable, and their behavior is uncertain, inconsistent and undependable. 


The inadequate have inferior intelligence and their psychopathic state 
is often complicated with some other form of psychosis. They find it diffi- 
cult to control their volitions, successfully accomplish ordinary duties, fail 
in simple and sustained effort and easily fall into self-indulgence, vice and 
delinquency. 


The paranoid or egocentric, while intelligent, are illogical and self- 
centered, almost approaching delusion. They are egotistical, arrogant, 
cruel, selfish, resentful, moody and desperate, often displaying great physi- 
cal courage. 


The psychopath is distinguished from the feeble-minded, although both 
mental states may exist in the same person. The psychopath does not or- 
dinarily have a low intelligence quotient. Some of them are intellectually 
brilliant. The eccentricities of some geniuses indicate a psychopathic per- 
sonality. Many of them are superficially bright but vague, incapable and 
futile. 


The psychopath should not be confused with the insane. The margin 
between the simpler forms of insanity and extreme psychoputhie manifes- 
tations is at times thin. and the actually insane are sometimes classified 
as psychopaths. Dr. William J. Hickson, referring to the psychopathic 
classification, says: “It is used mostly, though perhaps unknowingly, by 
many workers to designate dementia praecox simplex and the lighter forms 
of dementia praecox hebephrenia and katatonia.” 


4 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


The psychopathic personality was at one time attributed solely to con- 
stitutional, congenital and pathological causes. Inherited nervous (is- 
arrangements, congenital disturbance of the endocrine glands, physical and 
mental affections of the mother during pregnancy are responsible for psy- 
chopathic conditions, 

Later studies are pointed out that many psychopaths believed to be 
constitutional may be the product of environmental influences, emotional 


crisis, psychological changes and other causes in early years, which have - 


produced a deviated or abnormal state of mind. In a symposium on the 
subject, published in the January, 1924, number of “Mental Hygiene” and 
arranged by Dr. Ben Karpman, Dr. William A. White and associates of 
St. Elizabeth Hospital, discuss the probability that psychopaths, or a good 
proportion of them, may be the product of post natal conditions and ex- 
periences. 

Considering the multitude of psychopaths, this viewpoint, if correct, 
opens wide the door for treatment and readjustment. The old prognosis, 
like that of the discredited criminal type, created a hopeless class. Dr. 
White says: 

“The term constitutional, as qualifying psychopath, is unfortunate 
because it indicates that necessarily the condition is congenital and in- 
herited and therefore hopeless. It were better, I believe, to leave that ques- 
tion open until it can be solved unequivocally. The psychoanalytic school 
has taught us how what appear to be well marked constitutional character 
traits may,be traced to early infantile fixations and how they may be modi- 
fied by psychotherapy.” 

Children early show evidence of psychopathic personality. Many of 
them, it is highly probable, are the victims of heredity. Defective glands, 
constitutional nerve mal-adjustments and congenital defects mark them. It 
is equally probable that a larger proportion than is generally realized are 
the product of environment, emotional and otber post natal causes. It is 
advanced that the psychopathic manifestations in children, both constitu- 
tional and acquired, are in a developing state and do not become fixed until 
adolescence. 

As the facts are still so indefinite and the subject so unsettled, some 
psychiatrists claim that children should not be stigmatized as psychopaths 
but be classified as emotionally unstable or pre-psychopathic. Dr. Sanger 
Brown, 2nd, in an article published in the Medical Journal and Record, 
August 6, 1924, says: 


“If we are to use the term psychopathic, therefore, as applied to 
children, we must realize that we are not talking about the same condition 
as psychiatrists mean when they speak of a psychopathic state in an adult. 
Possibly these nervous conditions and bad environmental conditions and 
physical defects, handicap the developing child in such a way that he may 
indeed become psychopathic in later years. Certainly those who have had 
experience in schools and clinics see young people to whom such a term is 
applicable. One suggestion would be, therefore, to use the term psy cho- 
pathic as applicable only to adolescents and adults, and not children, _USIRE 
a more descriptive term for the latter. 


Ww 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 5 


“In any case, it is interesting to see the soil from which the adult psy- 
chopaths may develop. They develop from conditions which are recog- 
nizable during childhood and possibly avoidable.” 

The National Committee for Mental Hygiene have from time to time 
made State-wide surveys and special studies in various parts of the United 
States. A report recently issued combining the results of these surveys of 
school children in twelve widely separated States showed that 2.1 per cent. 
of them are psychopathic. The following table of 52,514 school children 
was kindly furnished to the Committee: 

















Mental Diagnosis Number Percent. 
(a ey Rha hap te cy RO aa a 32,948 62.7 
nr 1,789 3.4 
OLY PA a EO Pees peed eae Pee era Reena Seen eee ore oe 9,183 17.5 
Beno ere ouacoil (ioe wos toll iunuw ii Auer hi | 5.3 
Borderline mental defect ~.-_____-___~_ ot os pil 1,922 ed 
TOC Ue cen, a ee ek ee 1,659 3.2 
SeEICIEL IC) ee ee ee 69 0.1 
ee COC eee eee cin as ee aici 488 0.9 
Psychopathic personality ..:.-_.-..-..--..-- ta ew 1,098 mal 
Bemeuetienrosesr ys; wou Coo lis erty 2g) ta oooe 177 0.3 
imileneion vor! epilepsy” a. eo Ue eh ee) a ee 9 pene 
rr nn Se ee oe 78 0.1 
Pemerrineinbalance, Lotte vo ee ee 182 0.3 
PoSstrauinate Constitution 2-2-2 ok le 1 ates 
Cee inet ee ee a ee es 1 at he 
Mental disease or deterioration ~-___-..------- 14 DAs 
Srbegeerpinenn ior lite (iid? oes bie 124 0.2 
Parte Mae C1100 BOM NG Oe ha NL Siri a Linn Ld Mien denies 62,514 100.0 








In the Mental Hygiene Survey, made in the city of Cincinnati by the 
National Committee for Mental Hygiene, under the direction of Pr. V. V. 
Anderson in 1921-22, 4,326 school children were carefully examined in an 
effort “to get a picture of the average school child.” Commenting on the 
psychopathic child, the report states: 


“This type of child is neither insane nor feeble-minded. He may have 
good intelligence and would often be classed on purely an intellectual basis 
as normal, yet these children furnish the most difficult problems to be met 
with in the public schools and in later life are one of the largest sources 
of delinquency and insanity. 


“These children show outstanding handicaps of personality that mark 
them as being different from other children. Their adaptive difficulties 


6 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


are the expression of mental attitudes, mental trends and twists which con- 
stitute a very marked departure from normal mental health. ~ 


“Various types of psychopathic children are to be seen in the public 
schools, the very thin, under nourished, over-active, restless, neurotic emo- 
tional, violent-tempered child; the apathetic, weak-willed, physically-inert, 
sluggish, over-suggestible, inadequate child; the eccentric, selfish, egotis- 
tic, unappreciative, cruel, ungrateful, individualistic child; the shut-in, 
self-centered unapproachable child; the timid, hypersensitive child with 
feelings of inferiority, and many other types with psychopathic traits that 
seriously handicap them in adapting themselves to their environment. 

“We shall not endeavor to go into the many causes for these condi- 
tions. They are varied and are found within the individual himself (in 
disorders of the physical organism, in mental conflicts, etc.) or are environ- 
mental in origen (factors in the home, in the school, at work, and at play). 
We do not wish to emphasize, however, the importance of early recogni- 
tion of these psychopathie conditions among school children. Daily it is 
becoming more and more upparent that many adult breakdowns are direct- 
ly traceable to child: life. A psychopathic personality forms the very 
richest soil possible for insanity in adolescence and in adult life, and is a 
very large factor in juvenile delinquency.” 


“Three and five-tenths per cent. of the public school children exam- 
ined came within this particular grouping. If this percentage is borne out 
among the entire population of public school children, and we believe it is, 
then it can be seen how important is this problem; how urgent is the need 
of adequate clinical facilities for dealing with the problems these children 
present if we are to prevent behavior difficulties later on.” 


Sufficient data has been gathered to reasonably deduce that from two 
to three and five-tenths per cent. of all school children in the United States 
and a much larger percentage of adults are psychopathic personalities, or, 
in the case of children, emotionally unstable or pre-psychopathic, if such 
terms be preferred; that some of them are the victims of heredity and 
others the product of emotional, environmental and various causes, in 
early years; that it is a mental state which gradually becomes fixed, and 
is open to treatment, and possibly correction if reached in time and pre- 
ventive and curative processes furnished. 


II. 


EDUCATION, TRAINING AND TREATMENT 


The salvage of the psychopath will be a substantial contribution to 
public welfare.’ What can be done to treat, correct and prevent an increase 
of this vast number of our population? They form a great reservoir from 
which is constantly flowing a good proportion of the delinquents, the fail- 
ures, and misfits of society. The criminal, the drunkard, the drug addict, 
the vagrant, the prostitute and pauper are largely recruited from their 
ranks. Their treatment, correction, social adjustment or segregation when 
necessary, are worth all the efforts and cost involved. 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 7 


All evidence points to childhood as the pivotal period when preven- 
tion and salvage can principally be accomplished. Whether constitutional] 
or acquired, after the psychopathic conditions become fixed at adolescence, 
successful treatment meets with grave difficulties and relapses. Proper 
training and education of the child are essential if substantial headway is 
to be made. 


The primary requirement is the understanding of the child. The earlier 
such knowledge is acquired the more effective becomes the treatment. As 
soon as a child manifests nervous abnormalities and persistent misbehavior, 
it should be mentally and physically examined. 


Plementary treatment ought to begin in the home. Advice and instruc- 
tions for discovering and training mentally abnormal and defective children 
should be conveyed to parents. Facts and discussions relative to the child 
should be disseminated by the press, periodicals and private and public 
agencies and organizations. Whenever the behavior of the child is ab- 
normal and deviated, the parents should be advised and persuaded to use 
a psychopathic clinic. 

As soon as the mental status of the child is accurately diagnosed. 
methods of treatment can intelligently be recommended and the child 
scientifically supervised and guided. 


The Cincinnati Survey, previously referred to, made a special study 
of home conditions in relation to the psychopathic child. Numerical values 
or points in attributing causes, were allotted to home necessities, sanita- 
tion and neatness of the home, size of home, parental conditions, and parent- 
al supervision. The report says: 


“No learn at what points the home of psychopaths were consistently 
deficient, and at what points there was but infrequent failure, should both 
contribute to our understanding of this interesting group of children and 
aid in the formulation of a program to bring mental good health to many 
of them. 


“On the first three items evaluated, which cover the immediate physi- 
cal surroundings of the child, few homes were found that were marked- 
ly deficient. Only one home scored one on necessities (that of a colored 
family) and only three homes scored one on either neatness or size. Hous- 
ing conditions for these children were not entirely satisfactory, however, 
since 29 per cent. lived in homes that gave evidence of definite overcrowding. 


“For the last two items of the scale—‘parental condition’ and ‘parent- 
al supervision’—a very different situation existed. Twelve homes received 
the absolute minimum on the first point; seven homes received the mini- 
mum on the second point. A score of less than three on either of these two 
factors which so intimately affect the life of the emotionally maladjusted 
child indicates that most unfortunate conditions surround him and greatly 
increase the difficulty of social adjustment. 


“Forty percent. of the homes from which the psychopaths came re- 
ceived a score of less than three on ‘parental conditions’; 35 percent. re- 
ceived a score of less than three on ‘parental supervision’. 


8 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


“We cannot say definitely whether the failure of thé homes of the 
psychopathic children on-these two points may serve primarily as an ex- 
planation of the beginning of the child’s difficulties, or acts as an aggra- 
vation of already well-developed handicaps. Our figures secured for the 
whole group and from a study of individual cases indicate that there is 
an intimate relation between these deficiencies in the home and the malad- 
justment of the child.” 


In regard to the broken home as a factor in developing the psycho- 
pathie child, the report says: 


“There are no relationships in a child’s life that are more important 
than that between the child and its parents. If the original home has been 
broken by separation of the parents, the child is left not only under abnor- 
mal conditions in regard to guardianship, but he has often passed through 
an emotional experience that may place a mark upon his mental life not 
easily to be effaced. 

“One out of every three children diagnosed as cases of psychopathic 
personality comes from homes in which the child’s own mother and father 
are not living together. The psychopathic children, more frequently than 
the defective or the normal children, live in homes where a re-marriage 
of either parent has taken place. There were more than twice aS many 
psychopathie children living in homes with other relatives than there were 
defectives.” 


Subsequent to the homes is the school. Psychiatric clinics should be 
made a part of the educational systems. In dealing with inanimate matter, 
exact knowledge is sought by those who seek success, but in the adminis- 
tration of public affairs and institutions, lack of knowledge of human 
material is often profound. 


The Cincinnati Survey, in a discussion of the influence of the school 
on the training of the psychopathic child, says: 

“With our changing attitude towards insanity and crime, with our 
present realization that these conditions often show their beginnings in 
childhood and are, in a large measure, preventable, there can be no excuse 
for our neglect to deal intelligently and understahdingly with psycho- 
pathie children in the public schools. The examination of these children 
should be conducted in a clinic equipped to deal with both mental and 
physical issues. The great importance of a searching physical investiga- 
tion is now made evident from the frequency with which disorders of the 
ductless glands, ovaries, testicles, thyroid, ete., are encountered. These 
children should receive a thorough-going study from a psychiatric as well 
as a psychological point of view. The question of psychotic and psycho- 
neurotic tendencies, the child’s personality make-up, his abilities and dis- 
abilities should all receive careful consideration. A course of treatment 
for each psychopathie child should he mapped out only after such a com- 
prehensive examination has been made.” 


The school offers the greatest public opportunity for discovering and 
treating the psychopathic personality. 'The control of the child in the 
school is impersonal and free from parental ignorance and indulgence. 


THE PSYOHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 9 


If every child manifesting deviated behavior characteristics were examined, 
his defects noted, and a constructive plan of training and education out- 
lined, many a child developing into a psychopathic personality, and~ pos- 
sibly doomed to wreckage, would be saved. Evil effects of mis-grading, 
dislike of teachers, truancy, emotional conflicts, mental twists, misplaced 
fear, flighty imagination and other psychological defects can be overcome 
by study and observation. 

Educational methods have greatly advanced during recent years. Scien- 
tific methods are being applied in the kindergarten and in special and prob- 
lem classes. Special attention has been given to backward and defective 
and retarded children. The visiting teacher is an effective method of treat- 
ment. A good deal more can, and should be, done in the training of the 
psychopathic child. Study given to the individual child should be the ideal 
in school administration, and automatic, conventional and stereotyped 
processes discouraged. 


The function of the church in any plan of correction must not be over- 
looked. Religion is the greatest formative influence in life. When a child 
is found to have psychopathic tendencies and exhibits mental abnormali- 
ties endangering its future, religious teaching and influences should be 
brought to bear in a natural and normal manner but never forced, inciting 
opposition or emotional conflicts. 

As instability and overplay of the emotions underlie the mental state 
of the psychopathic child, contacts and experiences which contribute to 
their excessive development should be avoided. Moving picture shows 
are becoming one of the chief recreations of children. The scenes por- 
trayed powerfully affect their emotions. When of a sensational or immoral 
character, they undoubtedly ccntribute to the growth of psychopathic ten- 
dencies. Dr. Max G. Schlapp, psychiatrist in charge of the Clinic of the 
Children’s Court, of New York City, has observed the effects of moving 
picture scenes on delinquent children, and considers them the cause of 
mental and moral deviations which brought about their delinquency. 


The psychopathic, pre-psychopathic or emotionally unstable child, who 
is the prototype of the criminal, the social failure and misfit, early displays 
the danger signs and is more or less plastic to guidance. The responsi- 
bility rests on the parents, the school and the church, and public and private 
agencies, of saving such children from the evil and suffering that will 
surely follow neglect and indulgence. 


II! 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 


Many psychopaths—the percentage cannot at present be estimated— 
become delinquents. Most of them, like a good proportion of the feeble- 
minded. conform, in a measure, to social standards and become in a reason- 
able degree socially adjusted. They may be eccentric, peculiar, contentious, 
futile and “cranks’’, but are harmless and occasionally achieve great suc- 
cess. 


10 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


Their mental abnormalities, unstable emotions and infirmities expose 
them to temptations, self-indulgence and crime. Starting in early years, 
persistent anti-social behavior crystalizes into a confirmed psychopathic 
mental state which is responsible for repeated delinquencies. 


All mentally defective and abnormal individuals are potential delin- 
quents, especially the feeble-minded and psychopaths. The feeble-minded 
have a low order of intelligence and are not as dangerous or destructive. 
A good proportion of the psychopaths possess average or superior intelli- 
gence and commit not only minor offenses, but many of them have excep- 
tional ability in planning and executing desperate and ingenious crimes. 

A comprehensive picture of the psychopath as a potential criminal is 
given in “Die Psychopathischen Verbrecher”’—“The Psychopathic Crim- 
inal”—by Karl Birnbaum, reviewed by Dr. Bernard Glueck: 


“The general emotional dullness of the psychopath, his pathological 
inconsistency and infirmity of character, his pathological levity and the 
frivolity of the psychopathic constitution, the pathological degree of im- 
pressionability and suggestibility which makes of the psychopath such a 
ready victim of bad example and guidance, the instability and weakness 
of will which are responsible to so large a degree for the lives, without 
goal or definite object, so characteristic of the psychopath, the heightened 
effectivity, the pathological irritability, the queerness, oddness and patho- 
logical passionateness of these natures, the over-valuations and pathologi- 
cal lusts and cravings to which they are slaves, the peculiar effective dis- 
positions, impulses, trends and instincts which serve as such strong direc- 
tives of the psychopath’s behavior, the various habituations, or rather 
manias, which seem to be so essential to gratify the emotional cravings of 
the psychopath—such as the passion for gambling, collecting various ob- 
jects, senseless buying and speculation, the various psychic compulsions and 
sexual psychopathies, or pathological sex trends, the pathological ego con- 
Sciousness and paranoidism which serve so frequently as a casus belli 
for serious conflicts with their environment, the pathological fluctuation of 
mood which is expressed now in chronically and constitutionally depressed 
and anxious natures, and again, in constitutionally manic personalities, 
the penchant for the fantastic and fear or timidity of reality, the dreamers, 
Swindlers, pathological liars, and those exquisitely interesting and trouble- 
Some, hysterical natures, the querulousness and intolerance, the ready soil 
for pseudo-delusional or delusional interpretation of events which is as- 
sisted by the great facility for fallacious sense perceptions and finally, 
the moral obtuseness or moral idiocy.” 


According to more recent Studies, many of the above characteristics, 
formerly considered constitutional and pathological, are possibly acquired 
in early years, but are none the less dangerous. 


The reduction of crime will depend upon the procedure and equipment 
provided to discover, treat, combat and, when necessary, segregate the de- 
linquent psychopath. The two most troublesome and destructive types of 
offenders are the shiftless and ineffectual who fill up the county jails and 
the professional and dangerous criminals who commit serious felonies. 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 11 


The psychopaths contribute largely to both of these types of offenders. 
Society should protect itself by an intelligent attack on these particular 
delinquents. Until constructive plans are devised, no marked progress will 
be made in the restriction of crime. Fitful excitement over crime waves 
and excessive punishment and penalties are hysterical and unscientific 
and do not improve conditions. 

The psychopathic delinquents are divided, according to legal distinc: 
tions in court procedure, into the psychopathic juvenile delinquent, the 
psychopathic minor offender and the psychopathic felon. _ , 

The psychopathic or pre-psychopathic juvenile delinquent is often class- 
ified as emotionaliy unstable and is treated in the Children’s Court, which 
is more and more becoming a constructive and reformative institution. 


The psychopathic minor offender is found, in increasing numbers, a- 
mong the great aggregation of social derelicts, alcoholics, drug addicts, 
vagrants, tramps, sex degenerates and prostitutes. They are flowing in 
a mighty tide in and out of county jails. They receive no constructive 
treatment. They are merely removed for a short period from the commun- 
ity and confined in an institution in which the environment and associa- 
tions add to their deterioration and degradation. They present an insen- 
sate spectacle of human waste. 


Society some day will awake to the duty of trying to rehabilitate them. 
The most constructive plan so far proposed is to abolish the county jails 
as prisons of confinement and establish in their place State industrial in- 
stitutions on farms, to which the inmate will be committed on an indeter- 
minate sentence, built up physically and morally and released under com- 
petent parole supervision when found fit to mingle again in society. 


No constructive plan has been adopted for the treatment and disposi- 
tion of the psychopathic felon and confirmed recidivist. They are com- 
mitted under varying and inconsistent sentences to penal and correctional 
institutions. They eonstitute a dangerous menace to the social order. A 
custodial institution is becoming more and more necessary in which these 
enemies of society can be permanently segregated or confined until they 
change their predatory character, if such change is possible. 


John S. Kennedy, President of the New York State Commission of 
Prisons, in 1924 inspection report of the New York State Reformatory at 
Elmira, after quoting Dr. Frank L. Christian, the Superintendent, in ref- 
erence to the need of custodial care of the psychopathic criminal, states: 


‘Although several efforts have been made to provide care for psycho- 
paths, nothing definite has been done up to date. The whole question of 
the treatment of this class of delinquents is one that might well engage 
the attention and efforts of the Legislature and those interested in putting 
the penal, correctional and reformative institutions on a stable basis.” 


Dr. Sanger Brown, 2nd, Chairman of the New York State Commission 
for Mental Defectives, suggests the following treatment: 


“1. The excessively psychopathic individual who has developed well 
established criminal tendencies. For a type of this kind, who exhibits as 


12 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


complete irresponsibility as if he were insane, continuous custody should be 
afforded. This should not be in the nature of punishment but as a pro 
tection against himself and others. 


“2. Psychopaths who are only occasionally criminal offenders. These 
undoubtedly must serve their sentence for their criminal conduct. But 
after they are released from prison they should be continued under the 
supervision of a parole officer. These cases do not require close custody 
for life but a certain amount of supervision. 


“3. <A still less pronounced type of psychopaths in which criminal 
conduct may be only incidental and occur only once or twice in an indi- 
vidual’s life. These individuals need the supervision of a psychiatrist 
social worker, social service supervision, and the problem becomes more of 
a mental hygiene one, scarcely complicated by the criminal aspects at all.” 

The advice of these qualified specialists should be given due weight at 
this time, when material improvements in the penal and correctional sys- 
tem are to be provided from the recent bond issue. 

A large number of psychopathic criminals are preying on society. 
Their criminal records are revealed when they appear in the courts. Never- 
theless, the court keeps sending them, again and again, to penal and cor: 
rectional institutions. They exercise an evil influence on young and im- 
pressionable inmates and are disturbing factors in the management of the 
institutions. 


Low grade feeble-minded delinquents are rapidly filling up the Insti- 
tution for Mentally Defective Delinquents at Napanoch. Only the actual 
insane are transferred to the State Hospital for insane criminals at Danne- 
mora. Psychopaths and borderline cases are not considered proper subjects. 


A separate institution flor the custodial care of the recidivist and 
segregable psychopaths and borderline delinquents who are not considered 
suitable for treatment in insane hospitals will provide for the removal of 
confirmed and depraved criminals from society and contribute to a more 
efficient administration of the penal and correctional system of the State. 


a 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC CHILD IN THE CHILDREN’S COURT 


The Children’s Court offers a wide opportunity for the discovery and 
treatment of the psychopathic child. The worst types of delinquent children 
find their way in large numbers into this court. When equipped with psy- 
chiatrie clinics, as all weil organized children’s courts should be, the mental 
condition of the children can be diagnosed as the basis for scientific treat- 
ment. 


Unfortunately, comparatively few children’s courts have adequate 
psychiatric clinics, and those which have, make an examination of selected 
children. In order to secure a complete and accurate knowledge of the 
mental state of delinquent children, all who appear should be examined 
upon entrance. The cost of conducting such clinics has discouraged their 
establishment, but the results will amply justify the outlay. 


THE PSYOHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 13 


Mental examination of 2,647 children in Children’s Courts and deten- 
tion homes in nine States, conducted by the National Committee on Mental 
Hygiene, show that practically 18 per cent. of such children are psycho- 
paths. 











Mental Diagnosis Number Percent. 

Derr Gre Ar veer wreak. rl gue 440 16.6 
ET a re ee ee ee ee a Se een etwas } 163 6.2 
tn ae a ene ek SO 5DD 21.0 
eee ee es ee eee ey Lee A 93 3.) 
mereerine. montal derects 2.05... ---...--2 Se 66 2.5 
I CTCCU ie ee ane eae Sek SE eh AL T59 28.7 
Percuopacnic personality Sou sell sable 341 129 
PUETOTIOUTORER Seeuse eile. SSeS le 68 2.6 
mmera@lerenetecy t2oe yee hese Seo) Je Gt 39 1.5 
PmocrTine ii bwinnee 22 UL UL eto TO ald 4 0.2 
meson Or epilepsy eit Ot Oe wot en tt gL 
meee ee aera Ne eek PE St) ee Oo 28 1.1 
oewuem OL Drain tumor 2 Soe ee ee te 1 re 
Mental disease or deterioration ~____________-=_- 86 5.2 
RS Oe Pie RE Ba SU oD itl i eB a 3 0.1 
NGG AP APT Se i EE oe a a 2647 100.0 








Dr. Helen Montague, one of the examiners in the psychiatric clinic of 
New York City’s Children’s Court, gives the following percentages of the 
psychopathic children examined by her during the past five years: 





Psychopathic 





Years Number of Cases Personality Percentage 
Me wet seek ol 213 38 Ve 
1 DTaP Ta aL ge eg ee 244 47 15 
1 pa), ea ga ale saa a a a 281 aye 18 
eS ae pe pao tc 331 71 21 
PUN alle 330 61 18 


1399 269 19 











Selected children are examined in the psychopathic clinic of the New 
York City Children’s Court. 

Seven hundred eighty-one were selected in 1917, of whom 187. were 
classified as constitutional psychopathic inferiors. In 1918, out of 1,082 
examined, fifty-four were placed in the above group. In 1919, no statis- 
tics were issued, on account of the reorganization of the clinic. 

In 1920. 686 mental examinations were made. The classification of 
the constitutionally psychopathic inferior was materially changed and a 


14 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


new group, called the emotionally unstable, added. One hundred children, 
or approximately 14.5 per cent. were classified as unstable, and only 16 
appeared as constitutional psychopathic inferiors. In 1921, out of 791 
examinations, 101 or approximately 12.7 per cent. were reported unstable, 
and none constitutional psychopathic inferiors. In 1922, out of 966 exami- 
nations, 115 or approximately 12 per cent. were classified as unstable, and 
9 as constitutional psychopathic inferiors. In 1923, out of 982 examina- 
tions, 128 or approximately 18 per cent. were classified unstable, and two 
constitutional psychopathic inferiors. In 1924, out of 893 examinations, 
109 or approximately 12 per cent. were reported unstable and 4 constitu- 
tional psychopathic inferiors. 

An interesting feature of the above reports was the transfer of most 
of the psychopathic personalities from the classification of constitutional 
psychopathic inferiors to that of emotionally unstable, and the small num- 
ber that were placed thereafter in the constitutional group. The general 
percentage of psychopathic children, however, remained about the same. 

The above statistics reported over a number of years in various parts 
of the country are presented to show that from 12 to 13 per cent. of delin- 
quent children are psychopathic, pre-psychopathie or emotionally unstable, 
according to classification preferred. A good proportion of them are placed 
on probation. While they require closer supervision and greater care in 
oversight and direction, they respond fairly satisfactorily to probation 
treatment. A more exact study of their reaction to probation is not avail- 
able. 

The following table of the mental examination of 4,497 inmate chil- 
dren in training and industrial schools in eleven States, made by the Na- 
tional Committee on Mental Hygiene, indicates that psychopathic delin- 
quent children committed by the Children’s courts to these institutions 
have approximately the same percentage as psychopathic delinquent chil. 
dren who are otherwise treated: 














Mental Diagnosis : Number Percent. 
Norma] (S20 See ee ce ee eee 1219 otek 
Dallarty ara ae a a ae eee 739 16.4 
Subnormal ..22 = eee eee eRe eee 456 10.1 
Borderline mental ‘defect; 22°. 22 eee 364 8.1 
Mental :@efecta. oe oe tee een 737 16.4 
Psychopathic’ personality 222_2_-2 605 13.5 
Psychoneuroses 6:32 See Sel eee eee Bah a5 
Character defect)... 2c tone senna een ae ew ow 183 4.1 
Endocrine imbalance. . tc. coe en enes dere eeatace y! 0.2 
Wpilepsy isket cs ee ee ie ete eee 34 0.8 
Drug jaddiction : 23.2025 Se aac eee 6 0.1 
Congenital’ syphilis #22 Ses eee ecda se Bs 0.1 
Mental disease or deterioration ~-------------_- 12 0.3 


Unascerta ined a ok eee eee eee 10 0.2 
Total studied 4.2 2-2 | eee ee 4497 100.0 











THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 15 
Ve 


THE PSYCHOPATH IN THE CRIMINAL COURT AND THE USE OF PROBATION 


Mental examinations of adults in criminal courts have been fragmen- 
tary. Considerable special work has been done in some of the large cities, 
especially in the Probation departments. The cases have been in the. main, 
selected, and it is difficult to arrive at any general analysis and conclusion. 


A notable study of 1,988 cases was conducted in the psychiatric clinic 
of the Recorders Court of Detroit, by Dr. Theophile Raphael, Dr. Arnold L. 
Jacoby, Dr. Ward W. Harryman and Mary M. Raphael, covering major 
erimes and minor offenses and being “essentially representative of the 
general court offenders group” from 1921 to 1923. The psychiatric status of 
the offenders was as follows: 








Mental Diagnosis Percent. 
SE @ag 2c RE, EE SS ee ee et ee ae ee 5.4 
Peto neULess Ve NSVGHOSIS “oo of 2 ee a YE 
Paramoestate mndiierentinved -2----~--__-- 04 
NERES TEMS See ees ee ee Lapa £8 1.5 
Pe RIOLeTIOIA LOI © OGL suber i a et ne 11.3 
fenurealenervous system, leus. 42-5. - nas. ee-- ee 3 ee a 
Senile or cerebral. deterioration psychosis ~---____-__-______ ina hes 
ESE UTA 1g (AA panied evades ibs eal aphall aaa ea a a a ug has 
Constitutional psychopathic inferiority  ~-_--__--_-__-__--_- 36.8 
Peewee nrosias i 2b srst el tolt sil sce eae oe oe oa 2:7 
Pee Withiiy AOGichon J2o ook a ee Lo 1.6 
gape Uk eh pe CAE AE A po mg 9.7 








The report states that “the high rate of psychopathic personality was 
particularly noted”— (36.8) ial. ole 

In the disposition of the cases by the Court 33.7 per cent. were placed 
on probation and 31.1 were sentenced to institutions. The comment was 
made ““The percentage of probation stands out gratifyingly high”. 

A study of 1,000 offenders by the Medical Service of the Municipal 
Court of Boston reported 10.4 per cent. to be psychopaths. 

The following table of 500 of the offenders, selected in groups of 100, 
showed that 14.3 per cent. of the drug users; 7. per cent. of the immoral 
women ; 23. per cent. of the shoplifters ; 10. per cent. of the drunken women; 
and 8. per cent. of the vagrants were psychopaths: 











100 100 Immor- 100 Shop- 100 Drunken 100 





Diagnosis Drug Users al Women lifters Women Vagrants 
Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. 
Ren, SoS EOS i 18.5 20. yap 14; a 
Semareormal) =n 20. 32. 12. le 8. 
Feeble-minded —-----------~-- 28.5 30. 25. 2. 36. 
Wp | (0) IGOR Ries oly Raa ee ER 1.5 6. 10. 8. 2, 
Alcoholic deterioration -~--~-- ae ee em 7 12; 
Drug deterioration -_---_-_- 14.4 a ate is 4, 
ey A OT leg ail ied be a 14.5 (f 23 10. 8 
MEVeUOSIS@ osu Lele oso 2.8 1 8 1 28 














16 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


Three hundred psychiatric examinations were made in the Women’s 
Day Court, New York City, by Dr. Augusta Scott, for the New York Pro- 
bation and Protective Association, between October 17, 1920 and August 
15, 1921, and showed: 


Normal type 22-1021 ies Se ee) Ae hi be ee 335 
Inferior or psychopathic personality types --_...._------_--_--_-_- 129 
Borderline intelligence: J0ctul fie dee leu i _U ee ay) 
Mental ndefectives ron pu bahia 8 eee toe Sa vas 
Insane?! hoe er ee Bea ere Maui y SR oe 14 
Drug ‘addict’! so. 3c hed Ee eee a ON ie 1 

300 


One hundred eighty-nine of the women were sent to institutious and 
99 placed on probation. 


An interesting experiment was conducted December 8, 1924, in the 
Greene County Court, New York State, under the direction of Dr. Clinton 
M. McCord. A psychiatric examination was made of a group of ten felons, 
eight of whom were first offenders, all convicted and awaiting sentence by 
the court. As a result of the examination, and recommendation by the- 
psychiatrist, seven of the eight first offenders were placed on probation 
and one committed to the Rome Custodial School. Of the remaining two, 
one was committed to Matteawan State Hospital and the other, to the Rome 
Custodial School. Over a year later, Dr. McCord reports: ‘‘All cases are 
progressing satisfactorily.” 

A mental examination is an invaluable aid in determining whether a 
delinquent be sent to an institution or placed on probation. Not only does 
it guide the judge in the disposition of the case, but it affords the probation 
officer essential information for treatment in case of probation. 


From our present knowledge of the subject, no one is justified in as- 
suming that the psychopathic delinquent is unfit for probation. Greater 
care, however, iS imposed on the judge in selecting psychopaths for pro- 
bation and on the probation officers in their plan of treatment. 

Dr. Bernard Glueck, in discussing probation, in an address on ‘‘Psy- 
chopathic Treatment and Probation’, says: 

“Many of us in the medical profession have looked upou the probation 
movement as a bridge over which the idealism and the scientific spirit of 
modern medicine and modern social work might be carried into the dark 
recesses of the traditional processes of the criminal law, for, unlike those 
processes, the probation process does imply a clearly defined ameliorative 
aim.” 


VE. 


THE PSYCHOPATH IN COUNTY JAILS AND PENITENTIARIES 
Unfortunately, the county jail is the receptacle of a larger percentage 
of delinquent psychopaths than any other institution. It is a sort of dump- 
ing ground for them and furnishes the worst possible environment and 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 17 


treatment. All classes of delinquents are confined in cells and cages, often 
insanitary, in which the young and the old, the confirmed criminal and the 
beginner in crime, the degenerate and the decent, the vicious and the un- 
fortunate—generally without work and physical exercise, many of them 
diseased—are commingled in close contact, loafing their time away in an 
atmosphere and associations which tend inevitable to confirm them in 
criminal, vicious and idle habits. 


Surveys of the mental status of the inmates of county jails have been 
conducted by the National Committee on Mental Hygiene in various parts 
of the country. The following table gives the mental diagnosis of 3.206 
prisoners in county jails in eleven different States: 


é 

















Mental Diagnosis Number Percent. 
re ee rr en ie T70 24.0) 
Re te Na Ne Re eed LS 39D 123 
eR CP Si a tg Oe I oe no rede 162 5.1 
Porcerwnre, mental defect) <2. 3. . 22 Se 2138 6.6 
MUR IRTIGLCCE MUR. Hon Sh ee a Be i PO 446 3.9 
Panna ty ene eet =a ct eto 58 1.8 
SUT DREN A VSO ds I ae i erence aon od a vo 1 bed C.5 
Psychopathic personality _--------___--_______ 880 27.4 
PMOL GMS la ees den ee 39 a Bye 
yn EIR AL OLE Ve SI i a ie Sol e 41 nies 
Serooreae: imbalance 2. se os eke 2 0.1 
REERMCICUIOM ne eee ele 1 se 
Mental disease or deterioration ________________ 157 4.9 
6 GTR oS Sa RES a ae AA, a 32 1.0 
CTL area ee ee ee 32.06 100.6 








At the request of the State Commission of Prisons, the National Com- 
mittee on Mental Hygiene, between October, 1922 and January, 1923. made 
a study of the inmates of county jails and penitentiaries. 


County jails are institutions for the detention of adults accused of 
major crimes and for the confinement of adults convicted of minor crimes 
and offenses. County penitentiaries are institutions to which adults con- 
victed of minor crimes and offenses are sentenced in New York State. 


Twenty-nine county jails and five county penitentiaries (outside of 
New York City) were selected as giving a fairly representative picture of 
the minor offender; 1,288 inmates received a careful psychiatric and physi- 
eal examinations and their histories and records were studied. 

The following tables give a digest of the survey: 


18 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


TABLE NO. 1 


MINTAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE PRISONERS IN 34 COUNTY JAILS 


AND PENITENTIARIES OF NEW YORK STATE BY SEX. 





Number Percent. 


Mental Diagnosis Male Female Total Male Female Total 


Normal meee alee S34 283 1 


Oat 25 23.3 16.7 122.9 
DullardGe2 22 eee eee v2 i 93 7.6 1.4 Le 
Borderline mental defect ----- G+ 6 70 5.3 83° 6:4 
Mentalj defect: 2 22.72 ioe 85 13 98 7.0 18.1 7.6 
Psychopathic personality_----- 507 36 = 5548 41.7 50.0 42.2 
Psychoneurosis: “Sec TC ekecoree 18 tf 19 1.5 1.5 14 
Mental disease or deterioration 92 ve 94 7.6 2.8 7.3 
HPC DSY ge os ee ee 12 oy 12 1.0 yee 0.9 
Personality, defeetii..2..-.2 22 57 a 58 4.7 1.4 4.5 
Unascertained) Sra ses ae 6 spd 6 0.5 a 0.5 


Total) Sete se eee 1216 72 1288 100.0 100.0 100.0 














TABLE NO. 2 


OFFENSES AS RELATED TO MENTAL DIAGNOSIS 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 


Offense 


SNOsURTIIISI IL 


suoijzepnser1 
[B32] JO presoisig 


°-£1933eq pue jnessy 


419} YU .dnv[sueul 10 1I9piny 


Per cent 


SMB snip 10 
aonbiy JO uorijelorA 


Aylerour xes 
0} PAI}V[OI SUID 


SSOUIAT} 
-Isinboe Jo soullig 


Te3OL 


poulezia9seuy 


snoosue][sosi fq 
suorjelnser 

[ese] JO piesoisig 

“£193}3eq pue z[Nessy 


1aVYSNv[sueul 10 Jepiniy 
SMP Snip 10 
aonbil[l JO uorIzelorA 


Aj}l[V1oul xas 
0} DAI}VlII SauIID 

ssouealy 
-IsInboe jo saullig 


T®7OL 


Number 


Mental Diagnosis 


SUNNONR AOD 
NSSsiricrws 


00 m4 00 Be 4 C2 oD CO 
PSA IASI S 


RHR ON Qo ah 
Sisaronnaws 
N bs 


BN SHO N10 GO 16 10 
Arserannicrdso 
N st 


3 
1 
1 
vA 
2 


MAH Or-NH ROT 
CO r4 4 oD CO = 
OnmAraonn -~rNn > 
CO 4 10 z . 
a 
~ _ . 
ON 16 SB OD 19 oD G COD 
OANA CO Nr 
ra 
OwOIimw DOM M Or 
N bas! = 
moowoOP-woorri 
AanNnrarE N 
rH 
1 0 © 00 OD G2 ay xt OF 
OOratrin nsw 
N Ye.) 
MESA! Puc! va at tenes) cb 
. . . . . . a) . . 
SE eee See eae 
. . . . . 7 . 
Sle be, Oa 5 
2 Or tiee O Ae'et BAe 
Sel es Da 
Sire Gag) sc et) Rh we eens 
s 6 Qt ot 4g Bn te 
Si Set s : as; a 
ets Moly) x, 
= * h4 4 
oat etc ee 
MP a= gah oi aD 
Sra et or Oh. lesigy: at 
"Oo mn ~-V@ 
e .¢ ~~ om ~-RAgw 
7 :Age8 3 8 
ach fer ct foe he 
~-VOw DS aes 
=05 Aan 3 
Ge peeseasss 
SEs toescscovion 
HoH ES pr a 
Cp OVananRtaea 
ZAMSAAA SAP 


100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 


100.0 


3 


1288 369 117 404 32 128 225 10 


Total 














SPECIAL REPORT ON 




















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THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 





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SPECIAL REPORT ON 


22 








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24 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


Out of the 1,288 prisoners studied, 543 or 42.2 per cent. were psycho- 
paths. Relatively, a higher percentage of females was psychopathic than 
males. The psychopath had the highest percentage in the commission of 
crimes of acquisitiveness, violence, sex offenses, and in violation of liquor 
and drug laws; 416 psychopaths out of the 548 had been arrested more than 
once, and 216, or almost half of them, four times or more. Their physical 
condition was relatively poor. They had a fairly good education; 270 out 
of 519 ascertained, had been in the 7th grade of the public or private 
schools, or above; 130 in the 8th grade; 70 in the High School; and 8 in 
college. Accordingly, this particular group of offenders, who compose al- 
most one-half of the county jails and penitentiary population, may be sum- 
marized as intelligent recidivists, of whom a good proportion habitually 
commit crimes of theft and violence and habitually indulge in drunkenness 
and vice. To quote from the report: 


“They present problems of the greatest difficulty, but problems that 
must be met. When first seen as prisoners, their mental habits and person- 
ality traits have become so fixed that such fundamental changes as are 
necessary in their make-up are exceedingly difficult to accomplish, and in 
some cases, at the present time, probably impossible of accomplishment. 
Treatment should have been applied in the public school, as these mental 
habits and personality traits were in the process of forming. In dealing 
with the more or less final product in the county-jails stage, it is obvious 
to anyone familiar with the problems of individuals of this type that in- 
carceration in jails is futile. It is not believed that at this time any 
general rule can be laid down for the management of such individuals. 
Kach presents a problem peculiar to himself. Only after observation and 
a searching examination can a plan of treatment be devised in any given 
case. The success of any plan will depend upon the skill used in selecting 
individuals for various methods of handling. Treatment, however, is what 
is required. Some are proper patients for hospitals for mental diseases. 
Some would profit by vocational training if the training were properly 
devised. In some cases, probably the chief hope of success lies in a combi- 
nation of psychiatric and social treatment.” 


Vil. 


THE PSYCHOPATH IN STATE PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES 


Many of the most dangerous and vicious psychopaths become inmates 
of State prisons and reformatories. 


The earliest thorough study of mentally abnormal prisoners in the 
New York State prisons was made by Dr. Bernard Glueck, in Sing Sing 
Prison. He examined mentally and analytically studied 608 out of the 685 
who were received in that institution during the nine months ending 
April 30, 1917. 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 25 


Of the 608, 359 were classified as mentally abnormal as follows: 

















Mental Diagnosis Number Percent. 
Mentally diseased or deteriorated ~------------. 73 12. 
PmIenLuny Gelective: 22022. ...-2.-- 2-2-2 1g @) 28:1 
Psychopathic or constitutionally inferior ___-__-.. 115 18.9 











Ninety-one of the 115 psychopaths were born in the United States. 
Of the native-born, 79 or 86.8 per cent. were recidivists serving sentences 
of from two to ten times; 66 or 72.5 per cent. of them committed crimes of 
an acquisitive nature; 19 or 20.9 per cent. committed crimes of a pugnacity 
nature; 5 or 5.5 per cent. crimes of a sex nature; 38 or 41.8 per cent. ex- 
cessively indulged in liquor; 21 or 23.1 per cent. were addicted to drugs; 
and 24 or 26.4 per cent. to excessive gambling. The history of 79 showed 
traits indicating marked deviation from the normal during childhood. Sex 
perversion was found in 8 and excessive sexual indulgence in 31. ‘The 


industrial careers of practically all of them were extremely irregular and 
inefficient.” 


Dr. Glueck, commenting on the psychopaths, says: 

“In contemplating the foregoing facts one cannot escape the convic- 
tion that the psychopath with anti-social tendencies is by far the most 
dangerous individual with whom we have to deal, and one would expect 
that society would exercise an unusual degree of effort in its attempt to 
solve the problem which he presents. We find, however, that here, too, 
there seems to be a total lack of appreciation of the gravity of the situa- 
tion. Thus, before another year elapses, twenty-three of these cases will 
have returned to society; and before two years pass, twenty-one more will 
leave the prison; and before five years pass, thirty-ome additional cases will 


find their way back to their former haunts, In other words, before five years 


elapse, seventy-five out of the ninety-one cases, or 82.4 per cent., will have 
been returned to the community and will be at the point at which they 
were prior to their last conviction.” 

Dr. Frank lL. Heacox, psychiatrist in Auburn State Prison, has, for 
the past five years, conducted psychiatric examinations of practically all 
the male inmates received at and discharged from Auburn Prison, and the 
psychological tables have been yearly published in the annual reports of 
the Superintendent of State Prisons. The Committee has prepared from 
these tables the following combined tables covering the five years from 
June 30, 1921 to June 30, 1925: 


SPECIAL REPORT ON 


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28 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


Three hundred fifty-nine or 11.1 per cent. of all the prisoners received 
during the five years, and 382 or 11.5 per cent. of all prisoners discharged, 
were psychopaths. 

One hundred forty, or 39 per cent., who entered, had records as habit- 
ual criminals, and 147 or 41. per cent. were of the segregable type. 

Among the psychopaths returned to the community from the prison, 
158 or 41.4 per cent. were habitual criminals, and 162 or 42.4 per cent were 
segregable. 

These statistics demonstrate the inadequacy of the present criminal 
System and existing institutions which permit habitual and segregable 
felons to keep coming in and going out of the prisons at a tremendous loss 
and cost to society. Substantial relief could be obtained by the establish 
ment of a custodial institution. 

An intensive study was made of selected mentally abnormal and defec- 
tive delinquent women in the Psychopathic Hospital at the New York State 
Reformatory for Women at Bedford Hills, under the direction of Dr. Edith 
R. Spaulding, from September, 1916 to July, 1918. 

Forty-four mentally abnormal and defective inmates received scientific 
diagnosis and treatment in the laboratory of Social Hygiene; 22 of them 


were psychopaths. About five years later, in September, 1922, an investiga- . 


tion was made of their careers subsequent to release from the institution. 
Of the psychopaths, some had died, some had disappeared, Some were com- 
mitted to State hospitals for the insane. The majority of them had re 
lapsed into crime or vice. Eight were leading fairly decent lives. 

The details of the study and the history of the cases are set forth in 
“An Hxperimental Study of Psychopathic Delinquent Women.” Dr. Spauld- 
ing deduces from her study and experiences: 

“The time has come, however, when the shifting of responsibility re- 
garding the psychopathic delinquent should cease and everyone who can 
should take up his share of the burden, which promises to be a heavy one 
for many years to come, for the solution of the problem’ will be attained 
only when everyone is willing to put a shoulder to the wheel and do his 
part. They are a too varied and heterogenius a group of individuals to be 
herded together and treated successfully. They represent too many situa- 
tions—mental, educational and social and Segregable and non-seg- 
regable. The line of demarcation of the group is too indistinct and the 
nature of its constituent parts too elastic for a single educational, social 
or legislative procedure.” 

Psychiatrie and physical diagnoses have been made during recent 
years of all the inmates committed to the New York State Reformatory at 
Elmira. The following tables, prepared by Dr. John R. Harding, Psychia- 
trist, give the mental classification of 4,500 inmates admitted to the institu- 
tion during the six years beginning July 1, 1919, and ending June 30, 1925, 


and their division into normal, dull-normal, Sub-normal and segregable 
groups: 
> 


TABLE NO. 1 


MENTAL CLASSIFICATION 

















Classification 1920,,, 31921 .<: 1992S 1998.) Miobae wae 
Adtcidental Uo ee Sars!” 17 6 11 8 5 3 
Responsible __________. 169 218 256 147 126 77 
Psychopathic <=... 2__ 79 74 170 280 387 ~ 418 
Defective Delinquent __ 134 117 108 63 45 92 
MOTON | 228 ce eee ae 266 276 254 116 145 zak 


Unclassified  —____.___. 16 9 9 1 ps y 








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THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 29 
TABLE NO 2 


CLASSIFICATION IN GROUPS 














Dull Sub Segrega- Tota} 








Diagnosis Normal % Normal % Normal % ble % Cases “%, 
Ce ee a 270, 0.6;)44 020 UAjin 20404) 67 1.5 
Psychopathic sisitsdevalieia: 6 6: sia; etsifats LoteessL 388 8.6 735 16.3 98 2.2 1408 31.3 
Responsible eereeccnepereces 262 5.8 409 9.1 275 «6.1 1046 23.3 
Defective Delinquent ...... : yBi. pe EBB 7.3 565 12.5 
PE GROM ey ister is 80> cin es annie a 1081 24.0 286 6.3 13867 30.4 
CU | I Sa 9 0.2 10 «0.2 23 0.5 oy 01 47 1.0 

2.6 719 16.0 4500 100.0 


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Of the inmates committed to the Reftormatory during: the six years, 
1.408, or 3.13 per cent., were psychopaths. 

Dr. Frank L. Christian, Superintendent of the Institution, who has 
,given special study to the psychopathic criminals, characterizes them as 
follows: 

“There is another class of criminals which is equally dangerous and 
likewise recidivistic in its tendencies. This class comprises the psychopaths, 
or the little-understood individuals who commit the spectacular crimes and 
who are in the limelight of publicity. They are the ones who are featured 
on the front pages of the sensational press—they aim at doing something 
‘big’, and their ego must have an outlet whether they are in jail or at liber- 
ty; they are not insane and neither are they sane; they cannot adjust 
themselves to the humdrum of every-day life; they must experience new 
emotions, new thrills, and psychic sensations of startling origin. They 
have no thought of the future or of consequences or of results. They may 
or may not have a high intelligence quotient, but they have a superficial 
understanding of the problems of every-day life, and their assurance is as 
annoying as is their limited conception of life’s values. 

“Phe non-criminal individual who is psychopathic is usually known 
as ‘queer’, a ‘crank’, or a silly egotist who is harmless and directs his 
egocentric personality into foolish but nevertheless harmless channels. 

“The psychopath who is a criminal is a dangerous felon who is turned 
foose from prison and is not in the least understood by his associates. He 
_is always a psychopathic individual, whether he is safe-guarded in an insti- 

tution or thrust out into the world to take his chances with social condi- 
tions to which he is not adjusted. His next criminal offense is partly the 
fault of the State, which permits the dangerous and semi-responsible in- 
dividual to be at large. Some day we are going to protect the community 
from this form of delinquency, as we are already doing with his feeble 
minded brother.” 


9B 


A REMEDIAL PROGRAM 


The difficulties and jerplexities in the way of prevention, reduction 
of the number and constructive treatment of psychopaths, seem almost in- 
superable. They are diffused so widely and are so integral a part of the 
community that their education, training and treatment become a com- 
munity problem. Their prevention and social adjustment will go far in 
Se a crime, vice and poverty, and efforts to that end are a paramount 

uty. 

No single remedy or set of remedies will suffice. It will require the 
marshalling of social, educational and scientific remedies and the cooper- 


30 SPECIAL REPORT ON 


ation and coordination of community forces. It is evident that existing 
procedure, methods and institutions are insufficient and inadequate and 
that new procedure, methods and institutions must be adopted and estab- 
lished before the causes and conditions producing the psychopath can be 
successfully attacked and the resultant social evils eradicated or amelior- 
ated. 


HOME TRAINING 


Irrespective of whether psychopaths are consitutional or post natal 
products, their care and training center primarily in the home. They 
emenge in the highest percentage out of neglected and broken homes and 
homes lacking proper parental supervision and discipline. Parents. should 
be instructed in the early symptoms of psychopathic children and advised 
to have them examined in psychiatric clinics. A constructive course of’ 
treatment and training should be furnished to the parents for the up-br.ng- 
ing of such children. 


II 


SCHOOL TRAINING 


Psychiatric clinics should be provided in all educational systems and 
_the training of the psychopath made an essential part of the school cur- 
riculum. The educational departments of the State and its municipalities 
should outline definite courses and methods for the treatment of mentally 
abnormal and defective children and furnish instruction by teachers spec: 
ially trained and equipped, paying particular attention to the study of each 
psychopathic child. 


III 


RELIGIOUS TRAINING 


The Church should interest itself in the welfare of mentally abnormal 
and defective children. Pastors should be informed of such children be- 
longing to their congregations and religious influence ‘brought to bear, not 
only for the guidance of the children but for the guidance of the parents 
to secure the proper home care and treatment of the children. 


IV 


OUT-PATIENT TREATMENT 


Out-patient clinics should be established in the counties of the Siate 
under the direction of the State Department of Mental Hygiene, equipped 
with psychiatric and social workers, in which selected psychopaths can be 
treated and supervised without requiring conviction for delinquency, crime 
or criminal offense. 


& 


THE PSYCHOPATHIC DIELINQUENT ol 
V 


CHILDREN’S COURTS 


Psychiatrie clinics should be attached to all children’s courts and all 
children appearing before the court be examined, and when found mentally 
abnormal or defective, committed to a proper training school and when 
placed on probation, receive supervision from officers specially equipped 
for that particular work. 


VI 


CRIMINAL COURTS 


Psychiatrie clinics should be made available for the criminal courts, 
and all adults convicted of crime and criminal offenses be examined. When 
psychopaths are placed on probation they should be under the oversight of 
qualified officers who will study the needs of each individual and give 
special and constructive supervision. 


VL 


CLEARING HOUSES 


The Sing Sing Clearing House should be opened and all male adult 
felons sentenced to State penal and reformatory institutions sent to it in 
the first instance for examination, observation and study. 

Female adults convicted of offenses should be sent to the Clearing 
House at the New York State Reformatory at Bedford Hills. 

Several clearing houses should be established in various parts of the 
State, to which adults convicted of minor crimes and criminal offenses wil) 
be sent, in the first instance, for examination, observation and study. 


Would 


ABOLITION OF COUNTY JAILS AND PENITENTIARIES 
AND THE 
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE INDUSTRIAL FARMS 


County jails for the confinement of sentenced prisoners, and county 
penitentiaries, should be abolished, and the State should establish in their 
place industrial farms, taking over such county penitentiaries as are pro- 
perly situated and equipped and discontinuing the others. These institu- 
tions should supply employment to the inmates and provide instruction in 
simple vocations and in letters. All commitments should be made on the 
indeterminate sentence. 


IX 


PAROLE 


An efficient parole system should be established and special care and 
treatment given by trained parole officers to the supervision of psycho- 
paths released on parole from State penal and correctional institutions. 


32. SPECIAL REPORT ON THE PSYCHOPATHIC DELINQUENT 


be 
A CUSTODIAL INSTITUTION FOR CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATHS 


A custodial institution should be established, preferably in the vicini- 
ty of Clinton Prison and the State Hospital for Insane Criminals at Dan- 
nemora, to which psychopaths who are confirmed criminals and dangerous 
and segregable can be committed directly by the courts or transferred from 
penal and correctional institutions and held in custody as long as they are 
unfit to return to society, organized and conducted on the general plan of 
the Institution for Defective Delinquents at Napanoch. 


Respectfully submitted, 


(Signed) FRANK E. WADE, 
Chairman 


JOHN 8. KENNEDY. 
| LEON GC. WEINSTOCK, 
WALTER W. NICHOLSON, 


Committee, 


Dated December 1, 1925. 





12 098211003 


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